Which of these elements is NOT included in shareholders' equity?

Shareholders' equity consists of the ownership interest of shareholders in a company, reflecting the residual value of assets after all liabilities have been deducted. Common components of shareholders' equity include retained earnings, common shares, and additional paid-in capital. Each of these elements represents different ways in which the company has generated capital or retained income for the benefit of its shareholders.

Retained earnings represent the cumulative amount of profits that have been reinvested in the business instead of being distributed as dividends. Common shares signify the basic ownership units issued to shareholders, granting them rights to vote and receive dividends. Additional paid-in capital reflects funds received from shareholders in excess of the par value of the shares.

In contrast, total liabilities encompass all debts and obligations that the company owes to outside parties, including loans, accounts payable, and other forms of credit. Since total liabilities represent claims against the company's assets by creditors, they are explicitly excluded from shareholders' equity, which focuses solely on the interests of the owners. Thus, total liabilities do not belong to shareholders' equity, confirming that this is the correct answer.